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\u064a\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0632 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629: \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u00bb \u0643\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0633\u0627\u0642\u0637 \u0648\u0645\u063a\u0644\u0648\u0637\u060c \u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0647\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062b\u0628\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629. \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a \u0641\u0642\u0637\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
1<\/strong> \u0640 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/strong>\u00bb<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u00bb \u0639\u0627\u0645 1781 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0634\u0644\u0648 \u062a\u0632\u0631 (August Ludwig von Schl\u00f6zer)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u00ab\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645\u00bb \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 (\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u062d\u0627\u062d 10)\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u064f\u0642\u0633\u064e\u0651\u0645 \u0646\u0633\u0644 \u0646\u0648\u062d \u0625\u0644\u0649: \u0633\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0627\u0641\u062b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u00ab\u0634\u0644\u0648 \u062a\u0632\u0631\u00bb \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0646\u00bb \u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a (\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0631\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644. \u0644\u0643\u0646 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\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u00bb\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u00bb \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a \u0628\u062d\u062a \u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 3–<\/strong> <\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0647\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0645\u062a \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 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